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# Image denoising using dictionary learning

An example comparing the effect of reconstructing noisy fragments of a raccoon face image using firstly online Dictionary Learning and various transform methods.

The dictionary is fitted on the distorted left half of the image, and subsequently used to reconstruct the right half. Note that even better performance could be achieved by fitting to an undistorted (i.e. noiseless) image, but here we start from the assumption that it is not available.

A common practice for evaluating the results of image denoising is by looking at the difference between the reconstruction and the original image. If the reconstruction is perfect this will look like Gaussian noise.

It can be seen from the plots that the results of Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (OMP) with two non-zero coefficients is a bit less biased than when keeping only one (the edges look less prominent). It is in addition closer from the ground truth in Frobenius norm.

The result of Least Angle Regression is much more strongly biased: the difference is reminiscent of the local intensity value of the original image.

Thresholding is clearly not useful for denoising, but it is here to show that it can produce a suggestive output with very high speed, and thus be useful for other tasks such as object classification, where performance is not necessarily related to visualisation.

## Generate distorted image

    import numpy as np

    try:  # Scipy >= 1.10
        from scipy.datasets import face
    except ImportError:
        from scipy.misc import face

    raccoon_face = face(gray=True)

    # Convert from uint8 representation with values between 0 and 255 to
    # a floating point representation with values between 0 and 1.
    raccoon_face = raccoon_face / 255.0

    # downsample for higher speed
    raccoon_face = (
        raccoon_face[::4, ::4]
        + raccoon_face[1::4, ::4]
        + raccoon_face[::4, 1::4]
        + raccoon_face[1::4, 1::4]
    )
    raccoon_face /= 4.0
    height, width = raccoon_face.shape

    # Distort the right half of the image
    print("Distorting image...")
    distorted = raccoon_face.copy()
    distorted[:, width // 2 :] += 0.075 * np.random.randn(height, width // 2)

    Distorting image...

## Display the distorted image

    import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

    def show_with_diff(image, reference, title):
        """Helper function to display denoising"""
        plt.figure(figsize=(5, 3.3))
        plt.subplot(1, 2, 1)
        plt.title("Image")
        plt.imshow(image, vmin=0, vmax=1, cmap=plt.cm.gray, interpolation="nearest")
        plt.xticks(())
        plt.yticks(())
        plt.subplot(1, 2, 2)
        difference = image - reference

        plt.title("Difference (norm: %.2f)" % np.sqrt(np.sum(difference**2)))
        plt.imshow(
            difference, vmin=-0.5, vmax=0.5, cmap=plt.cm.PuOr, interpolation="nearest"
        )
        plt.xticks(())
        plt.yticks(())
        plt.suptitle(title, size=16)
        plt.subplots_adjust(0.02, 0.02, 0.98, 0.79, 0.02, 0.2)

    show_with_diff(distorted, raccoon_face, "Distorted image")

## Extract reference patches

    from time import time

    from sklearn.feature_extraction.image import extract_patches_2d

    # Extract all reference patches from the left half of the image
    print("Extracting reference patches...")
    t0 = time()
    patch_size = (7, 7)
    data = extract_patches_2d(distorted[:, : width // 2], patch_size)
    data = data.reshape(data.shape[0], -1)
    data -= np.mean(data, axis=0)
    data /= np.std(data, axis=0)
    print(f"{data.shape[0]} patches extracted in %.2fs." % (time() - t0))

    Extracting reference patches...
    22692 patches extracted in 0.01s.

## Learn the dictionary from reference patches

    from sklearn.decomposition import MiniBatchDictionaryLearning

    print("Learning the dictionary...")
    t0 = time()
    dico = MiniBatchDictionaryLearning(
        # increase to 300 for higher quality results at the cost of slower
        # training times.
        n_components=50,
        batch_size=200,
        alpha=1.0,
        max_iter=10,
    )
    V = dico.fit(data).components_
    dt = time() - t0
    print(f"{dico.n_iter_} iterations / {dico.n_steps_} steps in {dt:.2f}.")

    plt.figure(figsize=(4.2, 4))
    for i, comp in enumerate(V[:100]):
        plt.subplot(10, 10, i + 1)
        plt.imshow(comp.reshape(patch_size), cmap=plt.cm.gray_r, interpolation="nearest")
        plt.xticks(())
        plt.yticks(())
    plt.suptitle(
        "Dictionary learned from face patches\n"
        + "Train time %.1fs on %d patches" % (dt, len(data)),
        fontsize=16,
    )
    plt.subplots_adjust(0.08, 0.02, 0.92, 0.85, 0.08, 0.23)

    Learning the dictionary...
    2.0 iterations / 125 steps in 14.59.

## Extract noisy patches and reconstruct them using the dictionary

    from sklearn.feature_extraction.image import reconstruct_from_patches_2d

    print("Extracting noisy patches... ")
    t0 = time()
    data = extract_patches_2d(distorted[:, width // 2 :], patch_size)
    data = data.reshape(data.shape[0], -1)
    intercept = np.mean(data, axis=0)
    data -= intercept
    print("done in %.2fs." % (time() - t0))

    transform_algorithms = [
        ("Orthogonal Matching Pursuit\n1 atom", "omp", {"transform_n_nonzero_coefs": 1}),
        ("Orthogonal Matching Pursuit\n2 atoms", "omp", {"transform_n_nonzero_coefs": 2}),
        ("Least-angle regression\n4 atoms", "lars", {"transform_n_nonzero_coefs": 4}),
        ("Thresholding\n alpha=0.1", "threshold", {"transform_alpha": 0.1}),
    ]

    reconstructions = {}
    for title, transform_algorithm, kwargs in transform_algorithms:
        print(title + "...")
        reconstructions[title] = raccoon_face.copy()
        t0 = time()
        dico.set_params(transform_algorithm=transform_algorithm, **kwargs)
        code = dico.transform(data)
        patches = np.dot(code, V)

        patches += intercept
        patches = patches.reshape(len(data), *patch_size)
        if transform_algorithm == "threshold":
            patches -= patches.min()
            patches /= patches.max()
        reconstructions[title][:, width // 2 :] = reconstruct_from_patches_2d(
            patches, (height, width // 2)
        )
        dt = time() - t0
        print("done in %.2fs." % dt)
        show_with_diff(reconstructions[title], raccoon_face, title + " (time: %.1fs)" % dt)

    plt.show()

    Extracting noisy patches...
    done in 0.00s.
    Orthogonal Matching Pursuit
    1 atom...
    done in 0.45s.
    Orthogonal Matching Pursuit
    2 atoms...
    done in 0.87s.
    Least-angle regression
    4 atoms...
    done in 6.97s.
    Thresholding
     alpha=0.1...
    done in 0.09s.

Total running time of the script: (0 minutes 23.801 seconds)

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