Toggle Menu
Prev Up Next

scikit-learn 1.3.2
Other versions

Please cite us if you use the software.

# Developers’ Tips and Tricks

## Productivity and sanity-preserving tips

In this section we gather some useful advice and tools that may increase your quality-of-life when reviewing pull requests, running unit tests, and so forth. Some of these tricks consist of userscripts that require a browser extension such as TamperMonkey or GreaseMonkey; to set up userscripts you must have one of these extensions installed, enabled and running. We provide userscripts as GitHub gists; to install them, click on the “Raw” button on the gist page.

### Folding and unfolding outdated diffs on pull requests

GitHub hides discussions on PRs when the corresponding lines of code have been changed in the mean while. This userscript provides a shortcut (Control-Alt-P at the time of writing but look at the code to be sure) to unfold all such hidden discussions at once, so you can catch up.

### Checking out pull requests as remote-tracking branches

In your local fork, add to your `.git/config`, under the `[remote "upstream"]` heading, the line:

    fetch = +refs/pull/*/head:refs/remotes/upstream/pr/*

You may then use `git checkout pr/PR_NUMBER` to navigate to the code of the pull-request with the given number. (Read more in this gist.)

### Display code coverage in pull requests

To overlay the code coverage reports generated by the CodeCov continuous integration, consider this browser extension. The coverage of each line will be displayed as a color background behind the line number.

### Useful pytest aliases and flags

The full test suite takes fairly long to run. For faster iterations, it is possibly to select a subset of tests using pytest selectors. In particular, one can run a single test based on its node ID:

    pytest -v sklearn/linear_model/tests/test_logistic.py::test_sparsify

or use the -k pytest parameter to select tests based on their name. For instance,:

    pytest sklearn/tests/test_common.py -v -k LogisticRegression

will run all common tests for the `LogisticRegression` estimator.

When a unit test fails, the following tricks can make debugging easier:

> 1. The command line argument `pytest -l` instructs pytest to print the local variables when a failure occurs.

> 2. The argument `pytest --pdb` drops into the Python debugger on failure. To instead drop into the rich IPython debugger `ipdb`, you may set up a shell alias to:

    pytest --pdbcls=IPython.terminal.debugger:TerminalPdb --capture no

Other `pytest` options that may become useful include:

> - `-x` which exits on the first failed test

> - `--lf` to rerun the tests that failed on the previous run

> - `--ff` to rerun all previous tests, running the ones that failed first

> - `-s` so that pytest does not capture the output of `print()` statements

> - `--tb=short` or `--tb=line` to control the length of the logs

> - `--runxfail` also run tests marked as a known failure (XFAIL) and report errors.

Since our continuous integration tests will error if `FutureWarning` isn’t properly caught, it is also recommended to run `pytest` along with the `-Werror::FutureWarning` flag.

### Standard replies for reviewing

It may be helpful to store some of these in GitHub’s saved replies for reviewing:

Issue: Usage questions

      You are asking a usage question. The issue tracker is for bugs and new features. For usage questions, it is recommended to try [Stack Overflow](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/scikit-learn) or [the Mailing List](https://mail.python.org/mailman/listinfo/scikit-learn).

      Unfortunately, we need to close this issue as this issue tracker is a communication tool used for the development of scikit-learn. The additional activity created by usage questions crowds it too much and impedes this development. The conversation can continue here, however there is no guarantee that is will receive attention from core developers.

Issue: You’re welcome to update the docs

      Please feel free to offer a pull request updating the documentation if you feel it could be improved.

Issue: Self-contained example for bug

      Please provide [self-contained example code](https://stackoverflow.com/help/mcve), including imports and data (if possible), so that other contributors can just run it and reproduce your issue. Ideally your example code should be minimal.

Issue: Software versions

      To help diagnose your issue, please paste the output of:
      ```py
      import sklearn; sklearn.show_versions()
      ```
      Thanks.

Issue: Code blocks

      Readability can be greatly improved if you [format](https://help.github.com/articles/creating-and-highlighting-code-blocks/) your code snippets and complete error messages appropriately. For example:

          ```python
          print(something)
          ```
      generates:
      ```python
      print(something)
      ```
      And:

          ```pytb
          Traceback (most recent call last):
            File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
          ImportError: No module named 'hello'
          ```
      generates:
      ```pytb
      Traceback (most recent call last):
        File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
      ImportError: No module named 'hello'
      ```
      You can edit your issue descriptions and comments at any time to improve readability. This helps maintainers a lot. Thanks!

Issue/Comment: Linking to code

      Friendly advice: for clarity's sake, you can link to code like [this](https://help.github.com/articles/creating-a-permanent-link-to-a-code-snippet/).

Issue/Comment: Linking to comments

      Please use links to comments, which make it a lot easier to see what you are referring to, rather than just linking to the issue. See [this](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/25163598/how-do-i-reference-a-specific-issue-comment-on-github) for more details.

PR-NEW: Better description and title

      Thanks for the pull request! Please make the title of the PR more descriptive. The title will become the commit message when this is merged. You should state what issue (or PR) it fixes/resolves in the description using the syntax described [here](https://scikit-learn.org/dev/developers/contributing.html#contributing-pull-requests).

PR-NEW: Fix #

      Please use "Fix #issueNumber" in your PR description (and you can do it more than once). This way the associated issue gets closed automatically when the PR is merged. For more details, look at [this](https://github.com/blog/1506-closing-issues-via-pull-requests).

PR-NEW or Issue: Maintenance cost

      Every feature we include has a [maintenance cost](https://scikit-learn.org/dev/faq.html#why-are-you-so-selective-on-what-algorithms-you-include-in-scikit-learn). Our maintainers are mostly volunteers. For a new feature to be included, we need evidence that it is often useful and, ideally, [well-established](https://scikit-learn.org/dev/faq.html#what-are-the-inclusion-criteria-for-new-algorithms) in the literature or in practice. Also, we expect PR authors to take part in the maintenance for the code they submit, at least initially. That doesn't stop you implementing it for yourself and publishing it in a separate repository, or even [scikit-learn-contrib](https://scikit-learn-contrib.github.io).

PR-WIP: What’s needed before merge?

      Please clarify (perhaps as a TODO list in the PR description) what work you believe still needs to be done before it can be reviewed for merge. When it is ready, please prefix the PR title with `[MRG]`.

PR-WIP: Regression test needed

      Please add a [non-regression test](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-regression_testing) that would fail at main but pass in this PR.

PR-WIP: PEP8

      You have some [PEP8](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/) violations, whose details you can see in the Circle CI `lint` job. It might be worth configuring your code editor to check for such errors on the fly, so you can catch them before committing.

PR-MRG: Patience

      Before merging, we generally require two core developers to agree that your pull request is desirable and ready. [Please be patient](https://scikit-learn.org/dev/faq.html#why-is-my-pull-request-not-getting-any-attention), as we mostly rely on volunteered time from busy core developers. (You are also welcome to help us out with [reviewing other PRs](https://scikit-learn.org/dev/developers/contributing.html#code-review-guidelines).)

PR-MRG: Add to what’s new

      Please add an entry to the change log at `doc/whats_new/v*.rst`. Like the other entries there, please reference this pull request with `:pr:` and credit yourself (and other contributors if applicable) with `:user:`.

PR: Don’t change unrelated

      Please do not change unrelated lines. It makes your contribution harder to review and may introduce merge conflicts to other pull requests.

## Debugging memory errors in Cython with valgrind

While python/numpy’s built-in memory management is relatively robust, it can lead to performance penalties for some routines. For this reason, much of the high-performance code in scikit-learn is written in cython. This performance gain comes with a tradeoff, however: it is very easy for memory bugs to crop up in cython code, especially in situations where that code relies heavily on pointer arithmetic.

Memory errors can manifest themselves a number of ways. The easiest ones to debug are often segmentation faults and related glibc errors. Uninitialized variables can lead to unexpected behavior that is difficult to track down. A very useful tool when debugging these sorts of errors is valgrind.

Valgrind is a command-line tool that can trace memory errors in a variety of code. Follow these steps:

> 1. Install valgrind on your system.

> 2. Download the python valgrind suppression file: valgrind-python.supp.

> 3. Follow the directions in the README.valgrind file to customize your python suppressions. If you don’t, you will have spurious output coming related to the python interpreter instead of your own code.

> 4. Run valgrind as follows:

    valgrind -v --suppressions=valgrind-python.supp python my_test_script.py

The result will be a list of all the memory-related errors, which reference lines in the C-code generated by cython from your .pyx file. If you examine the referenced lines in the .c file, you will see comments which indicate the corresponding location in your .pyx source file. Hopefully the output will give you clues as to the source of your memory error.

For more information on valgrind and the array of options it has, see the tutorials and documentation on the valgrind web site.

## Building and testing for the ARM64 platform on a x86_64 machine

ARM-based machines are a popular target for mobile, edge or other low-energy deployments (including in the cloud, for instance on Scaleway or AWS Graviton).

Here are instructions to setup a local dev environment to reproduce ARM-specific bugs or test failures on a x86_64 host laptop or workstation. This is based on QEMU user mode emulation using docker for convenience (see https://github.com/multiarch/qemu-user-static).

Note

The following instructions are illustrated for ARM64 but they also apply to ppc64le, after changing the Docker image and Miniforge paths appropriately.

Prepare a folder on the host filesystem and download the necessary tools and source code:

    mkdir arm64
    pushd arm64
    wget https://github.com/conda-forge/miniforge/releases/latest/download/Miniforge3-Linux-aarch64.sh
    git clone https://github.com/scikit-learn/scikit-learn.git

Use docker to install QEMU user mode and run an ARM64v8 container with access to your shared folder under the `/io` mount point:

    docker run --rm --privileged multiarch/qemu-user-static --reset -p yes
    docker run -v`pwd`:/io --rm -it arm64v8/ubuntu /bin/bash

In the container, install miniforge3 for the ARM64 (a.k.a. aarch64) architecture:

    bash Miniforge3-Linux-aarch64.sh
    # Choose to install miniforge3 under: `/io/miniforge3`

Whenever you restart a new container, you will need to reinit the conda env previously installed under `/io/miniforge3`:

    /io/miniforge3/bin/conda init
    source /root/.bashrc

as the `/root` home folder is part of the ephemeral docker container. Every file or directory stored under `/io` is persistent on the other hand.

You can then build scikit-learn as usual (you will need to install compiler tools and dependencies using apt or conda as usual). Building scikit-learn takes a lot of time because of the emulation layer, however it needs to be done only once if you put the scikit-learn folder under the `/io` mount point.

Then use pytest to run only the tests of the module you are interested in debugging.